2013년 11월 28일 목요일

About 'what is the united states national debt'|...debt in the United States is now over 16.... The exploding...of personal debt have ...hard to believe what is...







About 'what is the united states national debt'|...debt in the United States is now over 16.... The exploding...of personal debt have ...hard to believe what is...








Written               and               edited               by               Howard               Zinn               and               Anthony               Arnove,               Voices               of               a               People's               History               of               the               United               States               is               a               companion               piece               to               Zinn's               best-selling               A               People's               History               of               the               United               States:               1492-Present,               a               narrative               of               the               country's               history               that               was               written,               according               to               Zinn,               "to               awaken               a               greater               consciousness               of               class               conflict,               racial               injustice,               sexual               inequality               and               national               arrogance."               He               uses               brief               excerpts               from               a               wealth               of               sources               to               provide               a               more               accurate               and               more               complete               picture               of               the               country's               past.

In               Voices               of…               Zinn               and               Arnove               let               the               people               speak               for               themselves               at               length               through               articles,               letters,               speeches,               poems,               interviews,               reports,               song               lyrics,               et               al.

Beginning               with               Columbus'               "discovery"               of               America               and               the               Arawak               Indians               and               concluding               with               reactions               to               9/11/01               and               the               War               on               Terror,               many               diverse               voices               of               concerned               citizens               are               on               full               display.

Both               books               provide               an               alternative               view               of               U.S.

History               through               the               words               of               those               who               weren't               in               the               majority               or               in               power,               yet               were               compelled               by               their               convictions               to               stand               up,               speak               out               and               suffer               the               consequences               for               what               they               believed               was               right               and               just.

Chapter               one               begins               with               the               diary               of               Columbus,               which               has               been               partially               quoted               and               partially               summarized               from               a               transcript               that               was               discovered               in               1790.

It               is               contrasted               with               the               writings               of               Bartolome               de               Las               Casas,               who               witnessed               the               crimes               committed               against               the               people               of               Hispaniola               and               protested               against               their               enslavement               and               genocide               before               the               Spanish               Royal               Council.
               The               book               then               moves               to               the               colonies.

A               chapter               about               slaves               includes               their               petitions               to               state               legislatures               requesting               their               freedom.

The               plight               and               anger               of               indentured               servants               is               illustrated               through               reports               of               rioting               in               Exeter,               New               Hampshire,               against               the               authorities               that               attempted               to               learn               who               chopped               down               trees               for               firewood,               and               also               in               Newport,               Rhode               Island,               as               500               seamen               revolted               against               their               five-week               impressments               in               the               British               Navy.
               In               1763,               the               French               were               defeated               in               the               Seven               Years'               War               and               were               no               longer               a               threat               in               North               America.

The               colonial               leaders               no               longer               needed               British               protection,               but               Britain               needed               the               colonies'               wealth               to               help               pay               the               debt               incurred               fighting               the               war.

This               struggle               led               to               the               Revolutionary               War.

Boston               became               a               focal               point               as               evidenced               by               reaction               to               the               Stamp               Act,               eyewitness               testimony               about               the               Boston               Massacre               and               a               participant's               recollection               of               the               Boston               Tea               Party.
               During               the               Civil               War,               Voices               of…               looks               at               the               conflict               between               rich               and               poor               on               both               sides               rather               than               focus               on               the               military               struggle,               which               has               been               extensively               covered               elsewhere.

Reports               show               6,000               New               Yorkers               assaulting               flour               merchants,               who               were               accused               of               hoarding               to               drive               up               prices               while               the               south               was               suffering               from               bread               riots               due               to               the               growing               costs               of               the               war.

Both               sides               saw               draft               riots               from               people               who               didn't               feel               it               was               their               fight.
               The               Gilded               Age               saw               the               expansion               of               the               country's               commerce,               industry               and               territory,               but               the               majority               of               people               didn't               share               in               the               gains.

Many               thousands               died               or               were               incapacitated               from               unsafe               working               conditions.

As               a               result,               workers               went               on               strike               and               formed               unions,               which               also               cost               people               their               lives.

The               employers               and               government               used               goons               and               soldiers               to               drive               their               position               home,               such               as               the               Ludlow               Massacre               of               1914,               which               saw               the               Colorado               National               Guard               fire               machine               guns               into               and               set               ablaze               the               tents               of               striking               families.
               The               mistreatment               of               the               workers               paved               the               way               for               figures               like               Mother               Jones,               an               organizer               for               the               United               Mine               Workers,               Mary               Elizabeth               Lease,               leader               of               the               Populist               movement,               and               Eugene               Debs,               leader               of               the               Socialist               Party               and               five-time               candidate               for               President,               to               rise               to               national               prominence.

Workers               have               constantly               had               to               battle               with               their               employers               for               fair               treatment,               which               is               why               the               book               offers               a               speech               by               Cesar               Chavez               from               1984               and               a               look               at               Decatur,               Illinois               during               the               mid-1990s               when               one               in               ten               workers               of               the               town               were               on               strike               or               locked               out.
               The               treatment               of               fellow               human               beings               is               a               major               focus               of               the               book.

It               is               filled               with               voices               speaking               out               against               the               injustice,               unfairness               and               inequality               that               was               witnessed               against               the               slave,               against               women,               against               the               Indian,               against               the               worker,               against               blacks,               against               gays,               against               prisoners,               against               innocent               civilians               in               enemy               countries,               against               innocent               civilians               in               this               country               and               even               against               the               environment.
               The               other               major               focus               of               the               book               is               the               wars               and               expansion               of               the               United               States.

In               1849,               Frederick               Douglas               spoke               out               against               the               War               with               Mexico.

Samuel               Clemens               was               against               the               U.S.

Expansion               in               the               Philippines               and               wrote               an               essay               in               1906               about               the               massacre               that               saw               600               Moros               killed.

In               1916               as               the               U.S.

prepared               to               enter               WWI,               Helen               Keller               gave               a               speech               calling               for               people               to               go               on               strike               against               war               and               the               industries               that               supply               it.

Against               the               wishes               of               other               civil               rights               leaders,               Martin               Luther               King               spoke               out               against               Vietnam               in               1967               because               he               saw               a               connection               between               the               issues.

Alex               Molnar,               founder               of               Military               Families               Support               Network,               wrote               an               open               letter               to               President               Bush               I               in               1990,               wondering               why               Middle               East               policies               of               the               previous               decade               caused               him               to               send               his               son               to               Saudi               Arabia.

The               parents               of               Greg               Rodriguez,               who               died               on               September               11th               while               he               was               working               in               One               World               Trade               Center,               wrote               a               letter               to               the               country,               asking               us               not               to               respond               by               adding               "to               the               inhumanity               of               our               times."
               It               is               not               surprising               to               find               no               protests               of               WWII,               because               everyone               agreed               on               the               evils               of               Nazism,               but               the               book               does               provide               interesting               and               insightful               reflection               on               our               actions.

Admiral               Gene               Larocque,               who               survived               Pearl               Harbor,               spoke               with               Studs               Turkel               about               the               glorification               and               sanitization               of               the               war.

Yuri               Kochiyama               writes               about               the               conditions               of               the               internment               camp               she               was               placed               in.

Yamaoka               Michiko               was               15               when               she               experienced               the               bombing               of               Hiroshima.

The               government               provides               the               most               amazing               admission               in               the               United               States               Strategic               Bombing               Survey,               Summary               Report               (Pacific               War)               (1946)               when               they               conclude,               contrary               to               some               historians               and               politicians,               that               Japan               would               have               surrender               without               the               dropping               of               the               atomic               bombs.
               Many               former               soldiers               speak               out               about               war               and               its               horrors.

Joseph               Plumb               Martin,               who               served               in               the               Continental               Army               in               New               York               and               Connecticut,               details               in               A               Narrative               of               Some               of               the               Adventures,               Dangers               and               Sufferings               of               a               Revolutionary               Soldier               (1830)               the               difficulties               experienced               by               men               on               the               front               lines               and               after               their               service               was               completed;               Col.

Ethan               Allen               Hitchcock               of               the               3rd               Infantry               Regiment               wrote               in               his               diary               (1845-46)               about               events               during               the               War               with               Mexico               that               differed               from               the               politicians'               rhetoric               back               in               D.C.;               Marine               Corps               major               general               Smedley               Butler,               winner               of               two               Congressional               Medals               of               Honor,               wrote               about               the               military               being               used               as               "a               high               class               muscle-man               for               Big               Business"               in               War               Is               a               Racket               (1935);               and               Tim               Predmore,               a               solider               with               the               101st               Airborne               Division,               wrote               "How               Many               More               Must               Die"               about               how               he               lost               his               faith               in               the               effort               while               serving               in               Mosul,               Iraq               in               2003.
               Some               writers               used               fiction               because               art               can               be               more               truthful               than               fact.

In               Johnny               Got               His               Gun               (1939)               Dalton               Trumbo               writes               from               the               point               of               view               of               Joe               Bonham,               a               severely               wounded               WWI               veteran               who               lost               all               his               limbs               and               vision.

Kurt               Vonnegut               relives               the               bombing               of               Dresden,               Germany,               where               he               had               been               held               as               a               P.O.W.

during               WWII,               in               a               selection               from               Slaughterhouse-Five               (1965).

In               the               chapter               "The               Man               I               Killed"               from               The               Things               They               Carried               (1990)               Tim               O'Brien               creates               a               brilliantly               written               piece               about               a               soldier               dealing               with               the               shock               of               seeing               a               Vietnamese               soldier               he               shot               in               the               head               and               the               star-shaped               hole               that               his               bullet               created.
               Poets               and               songwriters               also               used               art               to               get               their               message               across.

e.e.cummings,               who               served               in               an               ambulance               group               in               France               during               WWI,               wrote               I               sing               of               Olaf               glad               and               big               (1931)               about               a               conscientious               objector.

Langston               Hughes               has               two               poems               from               Montage               of               a               Dream               Deferred               (1951)               about               the               racism               blacks               found               upon               returning               from               WWII.

Maria               Herrera-Sobek               writes               about               the               Chicano               experience               in               Vietnam.

Billie               Holiday's               "Strange               Fruit"               (1937)               is               a               haunting               tale               about               lynching.

Bob               Dylan               rages               against               the               politicians               and               elites               "that               never               done               nothin'/But               build               to               destroy"               in               "Masters               of               War"               (1963).

Woody               Guthrie's               "This               Land               Is               Your               Land"               (1940)               appears               although               some               may               not               recognize               its               lyrics               because               the               fourth               and               sixth               stanzas               question               whether               "this               land               was               made               for               you               and               me."
               Voices               of…               is               an               invaluable               collection               to               those               with               an               interest               in               history.

It               combines               famous               works               from               the               likes               of               Thomas               Paine,               Henry               David               Thoreau,               Upton               Sinclair               and               John               Steinbeck               alongside               lesser               known               yet               no               less               important               people               who               contributed               to               the               dialogue               of               the               nation.

It               is               a               marvelous               resource               that               should               always               be               kept               on               a               shelf               close               by               as               a               reminder               of               the               hard               work               that               is               needed               to               keep               the               government               and               the               country               on               a               just               course.

A               sentiment               echoed               in               the               book's               final               piece,               Patti               Smith's               "People               Have               the               Power"(1988).
               The               majority               of               the               voices               are               from               on               the               left               side               of               the               political               spectrum,               which               will               immediately               cause               some               to               not               listen,               but               that               would               be               a               mistake.

This               book               provides               a               great               opportunity               to               read               people's               actual               words               and               opinions               without               them               being               twisted               and               spun               through               someone               else's               point               of               view.

You               might               not               agree               with               all               the               views               that               book               contains,               I               know               I               didn't,               but               the               ideals               behind               them               are               vital               components               that               shaped               the               discussions,               arguments               and               decisions               that               this               country               has               made.

A               better               understanding               of               them               can               only               be               beneficial               to               everyone               in               the               country               and               the               world.






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