레이블이 United States National Debt History인 게시물을 표시합니다. 모든 게시물 표시

2013년 12월 4일 수요일

오전 2:27

By Ardella Hawks

In: Debt by States, List of Debt by State, State by State Debt, State Debt Ranking 2013, United States National Debt History, Us National Debt History, Us State Debt Map, Us States Debt Rankings

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About 'us state debt'|...of democratic nations above Personally - I'd love for Mexico to wipe its' debt to the US and give the state of Israel a 500 year lease on Baja California. Not going happen. Since 1948...

Ａｒｋａｎｓａｓ,               ｏｆｆｉｃｉａｌｌｙ               ｎｉｃｋｎａｍｅｄ               "Ｔｈｅ               Ｎａｔｕｒａｌ               Ｓｔａｔｅ"               ｗｉｔｈ               ｉｔｓ               ｍｏｕｎｔａｉｎｓ,               ｖａｌｌｅｙｓ,               ｄｅｎｓｅ               ｗｏｏｄｌａｎｄｓ,               ｐｌａｉｎｓ,               ｃｌｅａｒ               ｌａｋｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｓｔｒｅａｍｓ,               ａｎｄ               ａｂｕｎｄａｎｔ               ｗｉｌｄｌｉｆｅ,               ｉｓ               ａ               ｐｏｐｕｌａｒ               ｔｏｕｒｉｓｔ               ｓｔａｔｅ.

Ａｎｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｉｔｓ               ｂｅａｕｔｉｆｕｌ               ｓｃｅｎｅｒｙ,               Ａｒｋａｎｓａｓ               ｈａｓ               ａ               ｍｉｌｄ               ｃｌｉｍａｔｅ,               ｗｈｉｌｅ               ｓｔｉｌｌ               ｏｆｆｅｒｉｎｇ               ｆｏｕｒ               ｄｉｓｔｉｎｃｔ               ｓｅａｓｏｎｓ,               ａ               ｈｉｇｈ               ｑｕａｌｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｌｉｆｅ,               ａｎｄ               ａ               ｌｏｗ               ｃｏｓｔ               ｏｆ               ｌｉｖｉｎｇ,               ｍａｋｉｎｇ               ｉｔ               ａｎ               ａｔｔｒａｃｔｉｖｅ               ｏｐｔｉｏｎ               ｆｏｒ               ｒｅｔｉｒｅｅｓ.

Ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ'ｓ               ｂｅｓｔ               ｐｌａｃｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｒｅｔｉｒｅ,               ｔｈｅ               ｍｅｄｉａｎ               ｐｒｉｃｅ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｈｏｍｅ               ｉｎ               Ａｒｋａｎｓａｓ               ｉｓ               $79,006.

Ｔｏｐ               Ｒｅｔｉｒｅｍｅｎｔｓ               ｒｅｐｏｒｔｓ               ａ               ｍｅｄｉａｎ               ｐｒｉｃｅ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｈｏｍｅ               ｏｆ               $168,400               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｌａｆａｙｅｔｔｅ/Ｒｏｇｅｒｓ/Ｓｐｒｉｎｇｄａｌｅ               ａｒｅａ,               ｗｉｔｈ               ａ               ｃｏｓｔ               ｏｆ               ｌｉｖｉｎｇ               ｉｎｄｅｘ               ｏｆ               85               ｏｎ               ａ               ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｓｃａｌｅ               ｏｆ               100.

Ｉｎ               Ｈｏｔ               Ｓｐｒｉｎｇｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｅｄｉａｎ               ｈｏｍｅ               ｐｒｉｃｅ               ｉｓ               $114,000               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｓｔ               ｏｆ               ｌｉｖｉｎｇ               ｉｎｄｅｘ               ｉｓ               81.

Ｔｈｅ               ｌｏｗ               ｃｏｓｔ               ｏｆ               ｌｉｖｉｎｇ               ｃｏｍｐｅｎｓａｔｅｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｌｙ               ｈｉｇｈ               ｓｔａｔｅ               ａｎｄ               ｌｏｃａｌ               ｔａｘ               ｂｕｒｄｅｎ.

Ｔｈｅ               Ｔａｘ               Ｆｏｕｎｄａｔｉｏｎ               ｒａｎｋｅｄ               Ａｒｋａｎｓａｓ               14ｔｈ               ａｍｏｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｅｒｍｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｖｅｒａｌｌ               ｓｔａｔｅ               ａｎｄ               ｌｏｃａｌ               ｔａｘ               ｂｕｒｄｅｎ               ｆｏｒ               2008.
               Ａｒｋａｎｓａｓ               ｓｔａｔｅ               ｉｎｃｏｍｅ               ｔａｘ
               Ａｒｋａｎｓａｓ               ｈａｓ               ａ               ｓｔａｔｅ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ               ｉｎｃｏｍｅ               ｔａｘ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｒａｔｅｓ               ｓｔａｒｔｉｎｇ               ａｔ               1%               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｒｓｔ               $3,799               ｏｆ               ｔａｘａｂｌｅ               ｉｎｃｏｍｅ,               ｕｐ               ｔｏ               7%               ｏｎ               ｔａｘａｂｌｅ               ｉｎｃｏｍｅ               ｏｖｅｒ               $31,700.

Ｔｈｅ               ｓｔａｎｄａｒｄ               ｄｅｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ               ｉｓ               $2,000               ｆｏｒ               ｓｉｎｇｌｅ,               ｈｅａｄ               ｏｆ               ｈｏｕｓｅｈｏｌｄ,               ｍａｒｒｉｅｄ               ｆｉｌｉｎｇ               ｓｅｐａｒａｔｅｌｙ               ａｎｄ               ｑｕａｌｉｆｙｉｎｇ               ｗｉｄｏｗ(ｅｒ),               ａｎｄ               $4,000               ｆｏｒ               ｍａｒｒｉｅｄ               ｆｉｌｉｎｇ               ｊｏｉｎｔｌｙ.
               Ｓｏｃｉａｌ               Ｓｅｃｕｒｉｔｙ               ｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｓ,               ＶＡ               ｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｓ,               ｗｏｒｋｅｒｓ'               ｃｏｍｐｅｎｓａｔｉｏｎ,               ｕｎｅｍｐｌｏｙ¬ｍｅｎｔ               ｃｏｍｐｅｎｓａｔｉｏｎ,               Ｒａｉｌｒｏａｄ               Ｒｅｔｉｒｅ¬ｍｅｎｔ               ｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｓ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｌａｔｅｄ               ｓｕｐｐｌｅ¬ｍｅｎｔａｌ               ｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｓ               ａｒｅ               ｅｘｅｍｐｔ               ｆｒｏｍ               Ａｒｋａｎｓａｓ               ｓｔａｔｅ               ｉｎｃｏｍｅ               ｔａｘ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｒｓｔ               $6,000               ｏｆ               ｉｎｃｏｍｅ               ｙｏｕ               ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅ               ｆｒｏｍ               ａｎ               ｅｍｐｌｏｙｅｒ               ｓｐｏｎｓｏｒｅｄ               ｒｅｔｉｒｅｍｅｎｔ               ｐｌａｎ,               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇ               ｄｉｓａｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ｒｅｔｉｒｅｍｅｎｔ               ｉｓ               ｅｘｅｍｐｔ.

Ａｌｓｏ,               ｉｆ               ｙｏｕ               ａｒｅ               ｏｖｅｒ               59               ½,               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｒｓｔ               $6,000               ｙｏｕ               ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅ               ａｓ               ａ               ｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌ               ＩＲＡ               ｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎ               ｉｓ               ｅｘｅｍｐｔ.

Ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔ               ｙｏｕ               ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅ               ｏｎ               Ｕ.Ｓ.,               Ａｒｋａｎｓａｓ,               ｏｒ               ｌｏｃａｌ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ               ｂｏｎｄｓ               ｏｒ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｄｅｂｔ               ｏｂｌｉｇａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｉｓ               ｅｘｅｍｐｔ               ｆｒｏｍ               Ａｒｋａｎｓａｓ               ｉｎｃｏｍｅ               ｔａｘ.
               Ａｒｋａｎｓａｓ               ｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｙ               ｔａｘｅｓ
               Ｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｙ               ｔａｘｅｓ               ｉｎ               Ａｒｋａｎｓａｓ               ａｒｅ               ｌｅｖｉｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｕｎｔｉｅｓ,               ｃｉｔｉｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｓｃｈｏｏｌ               ｄｉｓｔｒｉｃｔｓ               ｏｎ               ｒｅａｌ               ｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｙ,               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               ｙｏｕｒ               ｈｏｍｅ               ａｎｄ               ｌａｎｄ,               ａｎｄ               ｏｎ               ｃｅｒｔａｉｎ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌ               ｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｙ               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇ               ａｕｔｏｍｏｂｉｌｅｓ,               ｐｉｃｋｕｐ               ｔｒｕｃｋｓ,               ｒｅｃｒｅａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｖｅｈｉｃｌｅｓ,               ｂｏａｔｓ               ａｎｄ               ｍｏｔｏｒｓ,               ｍｏｔｏｒｃｙｃｌｅｓ,               ａｎｄ               ａｌｌ-ｔｅｒｒａｉｎ               ｖｅｈｉｃｌｅｓ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｙ               ｔａｘ               ｉｓ               ｃａｌｃｕｌａｔｅｄ               ａｓ               20%               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｒｕｅ               ｍａｒｋｅｔ               ｖａｌｕｅ               ｔｉｍｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｏｃａｌ               ｍｉｌｌａｇｅ               ｒａｔｅ.

Ｙｏｕ               ｃａｎ               ｆｉｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｏｃａｌ               ｍｉｌｌａｇｅ               ｒａｔｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｔａｔｅ               ｏｆ               Ａｒｋａｎｓａｓ               Ｍｉｌｌａｇｅ               Ｒｅｐｏｒｔ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｓｔａｔｅ               ａｖｅｒａｇｅ,               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇ               ｓｃｈｏｏｌ               ｄｉｓｔｒｉｃｔ               ａｎｄ               ｃｉｔｙ               ｔａｘｅｓ,               ｗａｓ               46.69               ｍｉｌｌｓ               ｆｏｒ               2008,               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｓ,               $46.69               ｆｏｒ               ｅａｃｈ               $1,000               ｏｆ               ａｓｓｅｓｓｅｄ               ｖａｌｕｅ               (20%               ｏｆ               ｍａｒｋｅｔ               ｖａｌｕｅ).
               Ｔｈｅ               ａｓｓｅｓｓｅｄ               ｖａｌｕｅ               ｏｆ               ｈｏｍｅｓｔｅａｄｓ               ｉｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｔｈａｎ               5%               ａｂｏｖｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｅｖｉｏｕｓ               ｔａｘａｂｌｅ               ａｓｓｅｓｓｅｄ               ｖａｌｕｅ               ｅｘｃｅｐｔ               ｗｈｅｎ               ｙｏｕ               ｍａｋｅ               ａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ               ｏｒ               ｓｕｂｓｔａｎｔｉａｌ               ｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｓ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｙ.

Ａｆｔｅｒ               ｙｏｕ               ｒｅａｃｈ               ａｇｅ               65               ｏｒ               ａｒｅ               ｄｉｓａｂｌｅｄ,               ｔｈｅ               ａｓｓｅｓｓｅｄ               ｖａｌｕｅ               ｉｓ               ｃａｐｐｅｄ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｅｖｉｏｕｓ               ｙｅａｒ'ｓ               ｖａｌｕｅ               ｕｎｌｅｓｓ               ｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｓ               ａｒｅ               ｍａｄｅ               ｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｙ               ｉｓ               ｓｏｌｄ.
               Ｄｉｓａｂｌｅｄ               ｖｅｔｅｒａｎｓ               ａｒｅ               ｇｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙ               ｅｘｅｍｐｔ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｓｔａｔｅ               ｔａｘｅｓ               ｏｎ               ｒｅａｌ               ａｎｄ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌ               ｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｙ.

Ｔｈｉｓ               ｅｘｅｍｐｔｉｏｎ               ａｌｓｏ               ａｐｐｌｉｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｗｉｄｏｗｓ               ｏｒ               ｗｉｄｏｗｅｒｓ               ｗｈｏ               ｄｏ               ｎｏｔ               ｒｅｍａｒｒｙ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｏ               ｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔ               ｍｉｎｏｒ               ｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎ               ｏｆ               ｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎｎｅｌ               ｗｈｏ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｋｉｌｌｅｄ               ｉｎ               ａｃｔｉｏｎ,               ｄｉｅｄ               ｏｆ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅ-ｒｅｌａｔｅｄ               ｄｉｓａｂｉｌｉｔｉｅｓ,               ｏｒ               ｗｈｏ               ａｒｅ               ｍｉｓｓｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               ａｃｔｉｏｎ.

Ａｌｌ               Ａｒｋａｎｓａｓ               ｈｏｍｅｏｗｎｅｒｓ               ｃａｎ               ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅ               ｕｐ               ｔｏ               ａ               $350               ｈｏｍｅｓｔｅａｄ               ｔａｘ               ｃｒｅｄｉｔ               ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｙ               ｔａｘｅｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｐｒｉｎｃｉｐａｌ               ｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｃｅ.
               Ａｒｋａｎｓａｓ               ｓａｌｅｓ               ｔａｘ
               Ａｒｋａｎｓａｓ               ｈａｓ               ａ               6%               ｓｔａｔｅ               ｓａｌｅｓ               ｔａｘ,               ａｎｄ               ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               Ｒｅｔｉｒｅｍｅｎｔ               Ｌｉｖｉｎｇ               Ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               Ｃｅｎｔｅｒ,               ｃｉｔｙ               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｕｎｔｙ               ｓａｌｅｓ               ｔａｘｅｓ               ｃｏｕｌｄ               ａｄｄ               ａｎ               ａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌ               6.5%.

Ｐｒｅｓｃｒｉｐｔｉｏｎ               ｄｒｕｇｓ               ａｒｅ               ｅｘｅｍｐｔ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｓａｌｅｓ               ｔａｘ.

Ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｉｓ               ａ               3%               ｓａｌｅｓ               ｔａｘ               ｏｎ               ｆｏｏｄ,               ａｎｄ               4.5%               ｏｎ               ｎａｔｕｒａｌ               ｇａｓ               ａｎｄ               ｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃｉｔｙ.

Ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               Ｂａｎｋｒａｔｅ.ｃｏｍ,               ｖａｒｉｏｕｓ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ               ａｒｅ               ａｌｓｏ               ｓｕｂｊｅｃｔ               ｔｏ               ｓａｌｅｓ               ｔａｘ,               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇ               ｗｒｅｃｋｅｒ               ａｎｄ               ｔｏｗｉｎｇ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ,               ｄｒｙ               ｃｌｅａｎｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｌａｕｎｄｒｙ,               ｐｅｓｔ               ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ,               ｓｅｃｕｒｉｔｙ               ａｎｄ               ａｌａｒｍ               ｍｏｎｉｔｏｒｉｎｇ,               ｓｅｌｆ-ｓｔｏｒａｇｅ               ｆａｃｉｌｉｔｉｅｓ,               ｂｏａｔ               ｓｔｏｒａｇｅ               ａｎｄ               ｄｏｃｋｉｎｇ,               ａｎｄ               ｐｅｔ               ｇｒｏｏｍｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｋｅｎｎｅｌ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ.
               Ａｒｋａｎｓａｓ               ｅｓｔａｔｅ               ｔａｘ
               Ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｉｓ               ｎｏ               ｉｎｈｅｒｉｔａｎｃｅ               ｔａｘ               ｉｎ               Ａｒｋａｎｓａｓ.

Ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｒｋａｎｓａｓ               ｅｓｔａｔｅ               ｔａｘ               ｉｓ               ｒｅｐｅａｌｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｃｏｎｊｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｐｅａｌ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｅｄｅｒａｌ               ｃｒｅｄｉｔ               ｆｏｒ               ｓｔａｔｅ               ｄｅａｔｈ               ｔａｘｅｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｄｅｃｅｄｅｎｔｓ               ｄｙｉｎｇ               ｏｎ               ｏｒ               ａｆｔｅｒ               Ｊａｎｕａｒｙ               1,               2005.

Ｆｏｒ               ｄｅａｔｈｓ               ｐｒｉｏｒ               ｔｏ               ｔｈａｔ               ｄａｔｅ,               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔａｔｅ               ｅｓｔａｔｅ               ｔａｘ               ｉｓ               ｂａｓｅｄ               ｏｎ               ｆｅｄｅｒａｌ               ｅｓｔａｔｅ               ｔａｘ               ｌａｗ.

Ｔｈｅ               Ａｒｋａｎｓａｓ               ｔａｘ               ｉｓ               ｅｑｕａｌ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｒｅｄｉｔ               ａｌｌｏｗｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｆｅｄｅｒａｌ               ｅｓｔａｔｅ               ｔａｘ               ｐｕｒｐｏｓｅｓ.

Ｓｉｎｃｅ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｒｋａｎｓａｓ               ｔａｘ               ｉｓ               ｏｆｆｓｅｔ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｅｄｅｒａｌ               ｔａｘ               ｃｒｅｄｉｔ,               ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｉｓ               ｎｏ               ａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｅｓｔａｔｅ               ｔａｘ               ｂｕｒｄｅｎ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｃｅｄｅｎｔ'ｓ               ｅｓｔａｔｅ.
               Ｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ:
               Ａｒｋａｎｓａｓ               Ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ               Ｉｎｃｏｍｅ               Ｔａｘ               Ｆｏｒｍｓ               ａｎｄ               Ｉｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎｓ               -               Ａｒｋａｎｓａｓ               Ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               Ｆｉｎａｎｃｅ               ａｎｄ               Ａｄｍｉｎｉｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎ
               Ｂａｎｋｒａｔｅ               -               Ｓｔａｔｅ               Ｔａｘ               Ｒｏｕｎｄｕｐ               -               Ａｒｋａｎｓａｓ
               Ｒｅｔｉｒｅｍｅｎｔ               Ｌｉｖｉｎｇ               Ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               Ｃｅｎｔｅｒ               -               Ｔａｘｅｓ               ｂｙ               Ｓｔａｔｅ               -               Ａｒｋａｎｓａｓ
               Ｔａｘ               Ｆｏｕｎｄａｔｉｏｎ               -               Ａｒｋａｎｓａｓ'               Ｓｔａｔｅ               ａｎｄ               Ｌｏｃａｌ               Ｔａｘ               Ｂｕｒｄｅｎ,               1977-2008

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2013년 11월 28일 목요일

오후 4:56

By Ardella Hawks

In: U.S. Debt Articles, United States Debt Articles, United States National Debt 2013, United States National Debt Ceiling, United States National Debt Figures, United States National Debt History, United States National Debt Solutions, United States National Debt Timeline

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About 'what is the united states national debt'|...debt in the United States is now over 16.... The exploding...of personal debt have ...hard to believe what is...

Ｗｒｉｔｔｅｎ               ａｎｄ               ｅｄｉｔｅｄ               ｂｙ               Ｈｏｗａｒｄ               Ｚｉｎｎ               ａｎｄ               Ａｎｔｈｏｎｙ               Ａｒｎｏｖｅ,               Ｖｏｉｃｅｓ               ｏｆ               ａ               Ｐｅｏｐｌｅ'ｓ               Ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｏｎ               ｐｉｅｃｅ               ｔｏ               Ｚｉｎｎ'ｓ               ｂｅｓｔ-ｓｅｌｌｉｎｇ               Ａ               Ｐｅｏｐｌｅ'ｓ               Ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ:               1492-Ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ,               ａ               ｎａｒｒａｔｉｖｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ'ｓ               ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗａｓ               ｗｒｉｔｔｅｎ,               ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               Ｚｉｎｎ,               "ｔｏ               ａｗａｋｅｎ               ａ               ｇｒｅａｔｅｒ               ｃｏｎｓｃｉｏｕｓｎｅｓｓ               ｏｆ               ｃｌａｓｓ               ｃｏｎｆｌｉｃｔ,               ｒａｃｉａｌ               ｉｎｊｕｓｔｉｃｅ,               ｓｅｘｕａｌ               ｉｎｅｑｕａｌｉｔｙ               ａｎｄ               ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ａｒｒｏｇａｎｃｅ."               Ｈｅ               ｕｓｅｓ               ｂｒｉｅｆ               ｅｘｃｅｒｐｔｓ               ｆｒｏｍ               ａ               ｗｅａｌｔｈ               ｏｆ               ｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅ               ａ               ｍｏｒｅ               ａｃｃｕｒａｔｅ               ａｎｄ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅ               ｐｉｃｔｕｒｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ'ｓ               ｐａｓｔ.

Ｉｎ               Ｖｏｉｃｅｓ               ｏｆ…               Ｚｉｎｎ               ａｎｄ               Ａｒｎｏｖｅ               ｌｅｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ｓｐｅａｋ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅｍｓｅｌｖｅｓ               ａｔ               ｌｅｎｇｔｈ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ａｒｔｉｃｌｅｓ,               ｌｅｔｔｅｒｓ,               ｓｐｅｅｃｈｅｓ,               ｐｏｅｍｓ,               ｉｎｔｅｒｖｉｅｗｓ,               ｒｅｐｏｒｔｓ,               ｓｏｎｇ               ｌｙｒｉｃｓ,               ｅｔ               ａｌ.

Ｂｅｇｉｎｎｉｎｇ               ｗｉｔｈ               Ｃｏｌｕｍｂｕｓ'               "ｄｉｓｃｏｖｅｒｙ"               ｏｆ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｒａｗａｋ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎｓ               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ｔｏ               9/11/01               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｗａｒ               ｏｎ               Ｔｅｒｒｏｒ,               ｍａｎｙ               ｄｉｖｅｒｓｅ               ｖｏｉｃｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｅｄ               ｃｉｔｉｚｅｎｓ               ａｒｅ               ｏｎ               ｆｕｌｌ               ｄｉｓｐｌａｙ.

Ｂｏｔｈ               ｂｏｏｋｓ               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅ               ａｎ               ａｌｔｅｒｎａｔｉｖｅ               ｖｉｅｗ               ｏｆ               Ｕ.Ｓ.

Ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｄｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｏｓｅ               ｗｈｏ               ｗｅｒｅｎ'ｔ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｍａｊｏｒｉｔｙ               ｏｒ               ｉｎ               ｐｏｗｅｒ,               ｙｅｔ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｃｏｍｐｅｌｌｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｃｏｎｖｉｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ｔｏ               ｓｔａｎｄ               ｕｐ,               ｓｐｅａｋ               ｏｕｔ               ａｎｄ               ｓｕｆｆｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｎｓｅｑｕｅｎｃｅｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｗｈａｔ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｂｅｌｉｅｖｅｄ               ｗａｓ               ｒｉｇｈｔ               ａｎｄ               ｊｕｓｔ.

Ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ               ｏｎｅ               ｂｅｇｉｎｓ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｉａｒｙ               ｏｆ               Ｃｏｌｕｍｂｕｓ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｈａｓ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｐａｒｔｉａｌｌｙ               ｑｕｏｔｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｐａｒｔｉａｌｌｙ               ｓｕｍｍａｒｉｚｅｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               ａ               ｔｒａｎｓｃｒｉｐｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗａｓ               ｄｉｓｃｏｖｅｒｅｄ               ｉｎ               1790.

Ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｃｏｎｔｒａｓｔｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｒｉｔｉｎｇｓ               ｏｆ               Ｂａｒｔｏｌｏｍｅ               ｄｅ               Ｌａｓ               Ｃａｓａｓ,               ｗｈｏ               ｗｉｔｎｅｓｓｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｒｉｍｅｓ               ｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｄ               ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ｏｆ               Ｈｉｓｐａｎｉｏｌａ               ａｎｄ               ｐｒｏｔｅｓｔｅｄ               ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｅｎｓｌａｖｅｍｅｎｔ               ａｎｄ               ｇｅｎｏｃｉｄｅ               ｂｅｆｏｒｅ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｐａｎｉｓｈ               Ｒｏｙａｌ               Ｃｏｕｎｃｉｌ.
               Ｔｈｅ               ｂｏｏｋ               ｔｈｅｎ               ｍｏｖｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｌｏｎｉｅｓ.

Ａ               ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｓｌａｖｅｓ               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｓ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｐｅｔｉｔｉｏｎｓ               ｔｏ               ｓｔａｔｅ               ｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｕｒｅｓ               ｒｅｑｕｅｓｔｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｆｒｅｅｄｏｍ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｐｌｉｇｈｔ               ａｎｄ               ａｎｇｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｉｎｄｅｎｔｕｒｅｄ               ｓｅｒｖａｎｔｓ               ｉｓ               ｉｌｌｕｓｔｒａｔｅｄ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ｒｅｐｏｒｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｒｉｏｔｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               Ｅｘｅｔｅｒ,               Ｎｅｗ               Ｈａｍｐｓｈｉｒｅ,               ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               ｔｈｅ               ａｕｔｈｏｒｉｔｉｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ａｔｔｅｍｐｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｌｅａｒｎ               ｗｈｏ               ｃｈｏｐｐｅｄ               ｄｏｗｎ               ｔｒｅｅｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｆｉｒｅｗｏｏｄ,               ａｎｄ               ａｌｓｏ               ｉｎ               Ｎｅｗｐｏｒｔ,               Ｒｈｏｄｅ               Ｉｓｌａｎｄ,               ａｓ               500               ｓｅａｍｅｎ               ｒｅｖｏｌｔｅｄ               ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｆｉｖｅ-ｗｅｅｋ               ｉｍｐｒｅｓｓｍｅｎｔｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｂｒｉｔｉｓｈ               Ｎａｖｙ.
               Ｉｎ               1763,               ｔｈｅ               Ｆｒｅｎｃｈ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｄｅｆｅａｔｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｅｖｅｎ               Ｙｅａｒｓ'               Ｗａｒ               ａｎｄ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｎｏ               ｌｏｎｇｅｒ               ａ               ｔｈｒｅａｔ               ｉｎ               Ｎｏｒｔｈ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｌｏｎｉａｌ               ｌｅａｄｅｒｓ               ｎｏ               ｌｏｎｇｅｒ               ｎｅｅｄｅｄ               Ｂｒｉｔｉｓｈ               ｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎ,               ｂｕｔ               Ｂｒｉｔａｉｎ               ｎｅｅｄｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｌｏｎｉｅｓ'               ｗｅａｌｔｈ               ｔｏ               ｈｅｌｐ               ｐａｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｂｔ               ｉｎｃｕｒｒｅｄ               ｆｉｇｈｔｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｗａｒ.

Ｔｈｉｓ               ｓｔｒｕｇｇｌｅ               ｌｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               Ｒｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎａｒｙ               Ｗａｒ.

Ｂｏｓｔｏｎ               ｂｅｃａｍｅ               ａ               ｆｏｃａｌ               ｐｏｉｎｔ               ａｓ               ｅｖｉｄｅｎｃｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｔａｍｐ               Ａｃｔ,               ｅｙｅｗｉｔｎｅｓｓ               ｔｅｓｔｉｍｏｎｙ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｂｏｓｔｏｎ               Ｍａｓｓａｃｒｅ               ａｎｄ               ａ               ｐａｒｔｉｃｉｐａｎｔ'ｓ               ｒｅｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｂｏｓｔｏｎ               Ｔｅａ               Ｐａｒｔｙ.
               Ｄｕｒｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｉｖｉｌ               Ｗａｒ,               Ｖｏｉｃｅｓ               ｏｆ…               ｌｏｏｋｓ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｎｆｌｉｃｔ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               ｒｉｃｈ               ａｎｄ               ｐｏｏｒ               ｏｎ               ｂｏｔｈ               ｓｉｄｅｓ               ｒａｔｈｅｒ               ｔｈａｎ               ｆｏｃｕｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙ               ｓｔｒｕｇｇｌｅ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｈａｓ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｖｅｌｙ               ｃｏｖｅｒｅｄ               ｅｌｓｅｗｈｅｒｅ.

Ｒｅｐｏｒｔｓ               ｓｈｏｗ               6,000               Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋｅｒｓ               ａｓｓａｕｌｔｉｎｇ               ｆｌｏｕｒ               ｍｅｒｃｈａｎｔｓ,               ｗｈｏ               ｗｅｒｅ               ａｃｃｕｓｅｄ               ｏｆ               ｈｏａｒｄｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｄｒｉｖｅ               ｕｐ               ｐｒｉｃｅｓ               ｗｈｉｌｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｏｕｔｈ               ｗａｓ               ｓｕｆｆｅｒｉｎｇ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｂｒｅａｄ               ｒｉｏｔｓ               ｄｕｅ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｒｏｗｉｎｇ               ｃｏｓｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｗａｒ.

Ｂｏｔｈ               ｓｉｄｅｓ               ｓａｗ               ｄｒａｆｔ               ｒｉｏｔｓ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ｗｈｏ               ｄｉｄｎ'ｔ               ｆｅｅｌ               ｉｔ               ｗａｓ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｆｉｇｈｔ.
               Ｔｈｅ               Ｇｉｌｄｅｄ               Ａｇｅ               ｓａｗ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｘｐａｎｓｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ'ｓ               ｃｏｍｍｅｒｃｅ,               ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ               ａｎｄ               ｔｅｒｒｉｔｏｒｙ,               ｂｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｍａｊｏｒｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ｄｉｄｎ'ｔ               ｓｈａｒｅ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｇａｉｎｓ.

Ｍａｎｙ               ｔｈｏｕｓａｎｄｓ               ｄｉｅｄ               ｏｒ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｉｎｃａｐａｃｉｔａｔｅｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｕｎｓａｆｅ               ｗｏｒｋｉｎｇ               ｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ.

Ａｓ               ａ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔ,               ｗｏｒｋｅｒｓ               ｗｅｎｔ               ｏｎ               ｓｔｒｉｋｅ               ａｎｄ               ｆｏｒｍｅｄ               ｕｎｉｏｎｓ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ａｌｓｏ               ｃｏｓｔ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｌｉｖｅｓ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｅｍｐｌｏｙｅｒｓ               ａｎｄ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｇｏｏｎｓ               ａｎｄ               ｓｏｌｄｉｅｒｓ               ｔｏ               ｄｒｉｖｅ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ               ｈｏｍｅ,               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               Ｌｕｄｌｏｗ               Ｍａｓｓａｃｒｅ               ｏｆ               1914,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｓａｗ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｌｏｒａｄｏ               Ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               Ｇｕａｒｄ               ｆｉｒｅ               ｍａｃｈｉｎｅ               ｇｕｎｓ               ｉｎｔｏ               ａｎｄ               ｓｅｔ               ａｂｌａｚｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｅｎｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｓｔｒｉｋｉｎｇ               ｆａｍｉｌｉｅｓ.
               Ｔｈｅ               ｍｉｓｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｋｅｒｓ               ｐａｖｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｗａｙ               ｆｏｒ               ｆｉｇｕｒｅｓ               ｌｉｋｅ               Ｍｏｔｈｅｒ               Ｊｏｎｅｓ,               ａｎ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚｅｒ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｍｉｎｅ               Ｗｏｒｋｅｒｓ,               Ｍａｒｙ               Ｅｌｉｚａｂｅｔｈ               Ｌｅａｓｅ,               ｌｅａｄｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｐｏｐｕｌｉｓｔ               ｍｏｖｅｍｅｎｔ,               ａｎｄ               Ｅｕｇｅｎｅ               Ｄｅｂｓ,               ｌｅａｄｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｏｃｉａｌｉｓｔ               Ｐａｒｔｙ               ａｎｄ               ｆｉｖｅ-ｔｉｍｅ               ｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｅ               ｆｏｒ               Ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ,               ｔｏ               ｒｉｓｅ               ｔｏ               ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｐｒｏｍｉｎｅｎｃｅ.

Ｗｏｒｋｅｒｓ               ｈａｖｅ               ｃｏｎｓｔａｎｔｌｙ               ｈａｄ               ｔｏ               ｂａｔｔｌｅ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｅｍｐｌｏｙｅｒｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｆａｉｒ               ｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｉｓ               ｗｈｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｏｏｋ               ｏｆｆｅｒｓ               ａ               ｓｐｅｅｃｈ               ｂｙ               Ｃｅｓａｒ               Ｃｈａｖｅｚ               ｆｒｏｍ               1984               ａｎｄ               ａ               ｌｏｏｋ               ａｔ               Ｄｅｃａｔｕｒ,               Ｉｌｌｉｎｏｉｓ               ｄｕｒｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｉｄ-1990ｓ               ｗｈｅｎ               ｏｎｅ               ｉｎ               ｔｅｎ               ｗｏｒｋｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｏｗｎ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｏｎ               ｓｔｒｉｋｅ               ｏｒ               ｌｏｃｋｅｄ               ｏｕｔ.
               Ｔｈｅ               ｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｆｅｌｌｏｗ               ｈｕｍａｎ               ｂｅｉｎｇｓ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｍａｊｏｒ               ｆｏｃｕｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｏｏｋ.

Ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｆｉｌｌｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｖｏｉｃｅｓ               ｓｐｅａｋｉｎｇ               ｏｕｔ               ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｊｕｓｔｉｃｅ,               ｕｎｆａｉｒｎｅｓｓ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎｅｑｕａｌｉｔｙ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗａｓ               ｗｉｔｎｅｓｓｅｄ               ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｌａｖｅ,               ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               ｗｏｍｅｎ,               ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎ,               ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｋｅｒ,               ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               ｂｌａｃｋｓ,               ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               ｇａｙｓ,               ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               ｐｒｉｓｏｎｅｒｓ,               ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               ｉｎｎｏｃｅｎｔ               ｃｉｖｉｌｉａｎｓ               ｉｎ               ｅｎｅｍｙ               ｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓ,               ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               ｉｎｎｏｃｅｎｔ               ｃｉｖｉｌｉａｎｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ               ａｎｄ               ｅｖｅｎ               ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ.
               Ｔｈｅ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｍａｊｏｒ               ｆｏｃｕｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｏｏｋ               ｉｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｗａｒｓ               ａｎｄ               ｅｘｐａｎｓｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ.

Ｉｎ               1849,               Ｆｒｅｄｅｒｉｃｋ               Ｄｏｕｇｌａｓ               ｓｐｏｋｅ               ｏｕｔ               ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｗａｒ               ｗｉｔｈ               Ｍｅｘｉｃｏ.

Ｓａｍｕｅｌ               Ｃｌｅｍｅｎｓ               ｗａｓ               ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕ.Ｓ.

Ｅｘｐａｎｓｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｐｈｉｌｉｐｐｉｎｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｗｒｏｔｅ               ａｎ               ｅｓｓａｙ               ｉｎ               1906               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｍａｓｓａｃｒｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｓａｗ               600               Ｍｏｒｏｓ               ｋｉｌｌｅｄ.

Ｉｎ               1916               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕ.Ｓ.

ｐｒｅｐａｒｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｅｎｔｅｒ               ＷＷＩ,               Ｈｅｌｅｎ               Ｋｅｌｌｅｒ               ｇａｖｅ               ａ               ｓｐｅｅｃｈ               ｃａｌｌｉｎｇ               ｆｏｒ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ｔｏ               ｇｏ               ｏｎ               ｓｔｒｉｋｅ               ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               ｗａｒ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｓｕｐｐｌｙ               ｉｔ.

Ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｉｓｈｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｃｉｖｉｌ               ｒｉｇｈｔｓ               ｌｅａｄｅｒｓ,               Ｍａｒｔｉｎ               Ｌｕｔｈｅｒ               Ｋｉｎｇ               ｓｐｏｋｅ               ｏｕｔ               ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍ               ｉｎ               1967               ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ               ｈｅ               ｓａｗ               ａ               ｃｏｎｎｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｓｓｕｅｓ.

Ａｌｅｘ               Ｍｏｌｎａｒ,               ｆｏｕｎｄｅｒ               ｏｆ               Ｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙ               Ｆａｍｉｌｉｅｓ               Ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔ               Ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ,               ｗｒｏｔｅ               ａｎ               ｏｐｅｎ               ｌｅｔｔｅｒ               ｔｏ               Ｐｒｅｓｉｄｅｎｔ               Ｂｕｓｈ               Ｉ               ｉｎ               1990,               ｗｏｎｄｅｒｉｎｇ               ｗｈｙ               Ｍｉｄｄｌｅ               Ｅａｓｔ               ｐｏｌｉｃｉｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｅｖｉｏｕｓ               ｄｅｃａｄｅ               ｃａｕｓｅｄ               ｈｉｍ               ｔｏ               ｓｅｎｄ               ｈｉｓ               ｓｏｎ               ｔｏ               Ｓａｕｄｉ               Ａｒａｂｉａ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｐａｒｅｎｔｓ               ｏｆ               Ｇｒｅｇ               Ｒｏｄｒｉｇｕｅｚ,               ｗｈｏ               ｄｉｅｄ               ｏｎ               Ｓｅｐｔｅｍｂｅｒ               11ｔｈ               ｗｈｉｌｅ               ｈｅ               ｗａｓ               ｗｏｒｋｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               Ｏｎｅ               Ｗｏｒｌｄ               Ｔｒａｄｅ               Ｃｅｎｔｅｒ,               ｗｒｏｔｅ               ａ               ｌｅｔｔｅｒ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ,               ａｓｋｉｎｇ               ｕｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｔｏ               ｒｅｓｐｏｎｄ               ｂｙ               ａｄｄｉｎｇ               "ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｈｕｍａｎｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｏｕｒ               ｔｉｍｅｓ."
               Ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｓｕｒｐｒｉｓｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｆｉｎｄ               ｎｏ               ｐｒｏｔｅｓｔｓ               ｏｆ               ＷＷＩＩ,               ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ               ｅｖｅｒｙｏｎｅ               ａｇｒｅｅｄ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｖｉｌｓ               ｏｆ               Ｎａｚｉｓｍ,               ｂｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｏｏｋ               ｄｏｅｓ               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅ               ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎｓｉｇｈｔｆｕｌ               ｒｅｆｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ｏｎ               ｏｕｒ               ａｃｔｉｏｎｓ.

Ａｄｍｉｒａｌ               Ｇｅｎｅ               Ｌａｒｏｃｑｕｅ,               ｗｈｏ               ｓｕｒｖｉｖｅｄ               Ｐｅａｒｌ               Ｈａｒｂｏｒ,               ｓｐｏｋｅ               ｗｉｔｈ               Ｓｔｕｄｓ               Ｔｕｒｋｅｌ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｌｏｒｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｓａｎｉｔｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｗａｒ.

Ｙｕｒｉ               Ｋｏｃｈｉｙａｍａ               ｗｒｉｔｅｓ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｔｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ               ｃａｍｐ               ｓｈｅ               ｗａｓ               ｐｌａｃｅｄ               ｉｎ.

Ｙａｍａｏｋａ               Ｍｉｃｈｉｋｏ               ｗａｓ               15               ｗｈｅｎ               ｓｈｅ               ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｏｍｂｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               Ｈｉｒｏｓｈｉｍａ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｏｓｔ               ａｍａｚｉｎｇ               ａｄｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ               Ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｉｃ               Ｂｏｍｂｉｎｇ               Ｓｕｒｖｅｙ,               Ｓｕｍｍａｒｙ               Ｒｅｐｏｒｔ               (Ｐａｃｉｆｉｃ               Ｗａｒ)               (1946)               ｗｈｅｎ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｃｏｎｃｌｕｄｅ,               ｃｏｎｔｒａｒｙ               ｔｏ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｈｉｓｔｏｒｉａｎｓ               ａｎｄ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｉａｎｓ,               ｔｈａｔ               Ｊａｐａｎ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｈａｖｅ               ｓｕｒｒｅｎｄｅｒ               ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｒｏｐｐｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ａｔｏｍｉｃ               ｂｏｍｂｓ.
               Ｍａｎｙ               ｆｏｒｍｅｒ               ｓｏｌｄｉｅｒｓ               ｓｐｅａｋ               ｏｕｔ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｗａｒ               ａｎｄ               ｉｔｓ               ｈｏｒｒｏｒｓ.

Ｊｏｓｅｐｈ               Ｐｌｕｍｂ               Ｍａｒｔｉｎ,               ｗｈｏ               ｓｅｒｖｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｎｔｉｎｅｎｔａｌ               Ａｒｍｙ               ｉｎ               Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋ               ａｎｄ               Ｃｏｎｎｅｃｔｉｃｕｔ,               ｄｅｔａｉｌｓ               ｉｎ               Ａ               Ｎａｒｒａｔｉｖｅ               ｏｆ               Ｓｏｍｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｄｖｅｎｔｕｒｅｓ,               Ｄａｎｇｅｒｓ               ａｎｄ               Ｓｕｆｆｅｒｉｎｇｓ               ｏｆ               ａ               Ｒｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎａｒｙ               Ｓｏｌｄｉｅｒ               (1830)               ｔｈｅ               ｄｉｆｆｉｃｕｌｔｉｅｓ               ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｍｅｎ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｒｏｎｔ               ｌｉｎｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ａｆｔｅｒ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅ               ｗａｓ               ｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅｄ;               Ｃｏｌ.

Ｅｔｈａｎ               Ａｌｌｅｎ               Ｈｉｔｃｈｃｏｃｋ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               3ｒｄ               Ｉｎｆａｎｔｒｙ               Ｒｅｇｉｍｅｎｔ               ｗｒｏｔｅ               ｉｎ               ｈｉｓ               ｄｉａｒｙ               (1845-46)               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｅｖｅｎｔｓ               ｄｕｒｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               Ｗａｒ               ｗｉｔｈ               Ｍｅｘｉｃｏ               ｔｈａｔ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｉａｎｓ'               ｒｈｅｔｏｒｉｃ               ｂａｃｋ               ｉｎ               Ｄ.Ｃ.;               Ｍａｒｉｎｅ               Ｃｏｒｐｓ               ｍａｊｏｒ               ｇｅｎｅｒａｌ               Ｓｍｅｄｌｅｙ               Ｂｕｔｌｅｒ,               ｗｉｎｎｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｔｗｏ               Ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓｉｏｎａｌ               Ｍｅｄａｌｓ               ｏｆ               Ｈｏｎｏｒ,               ｗｒｏｔｅ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙ               ｂｅｉｎｇ               ｕｓｅｄ               ａｓ               "ａ               ｈｉｇｈ               ｃｌａｓｓ               ｍｕｓｃｌｅ-ｍａｎ               ｆｏｒ               Ｂｉｇ               Ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ"               ｉｎ               Ｗａｒ               Ｉｓ               ａ               Ｒａｃｋｅｔ               (1935);               ａｎｄ               Ｔｉｍ               Ｐｒｅｄｍｏｒｅ,               ａ               ｓｏｌｉｄｅｒ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               101ｓｔ               Ａｉｒｂｏｒｎｅ               Ｄｉｖｉｓｉｏｎ,               ｗｒｏｔｅ               "Ｈｏｗ               Ｍａｎｙ               Ｍｏｒｅ               Ｍｕｓｔ               Ｄｉｅ"               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｈｏｗ               ｈｅ               ｌｏｓｔ               ｈｉｓ               ｆａｉｔｈ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｆｆｏｒｔ               ｗｈｉｌｅ               ｓｅｒｖｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               Ｍｏｓｕｌ,               Ｉｒａｑ               ｉｎ               2003.
               Ｓｏｍｅ               ｗｒｉｔｅｒｓ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｆｉｃｔｉｏｎ               ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ               ａｒｔ               ｃａｎ               ｂｅ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｔｒｕｔｈｆｕｌ               ｔｈａｎ               ｆａｃｔ.

Ｉｎ               Ｊｏｈｎｎｙ               Ｇｏｔ               Ｈｉｓ               Ｇｕｎ               (1939)               Ｄａｌｔｏｎ               Ｔｒｕｍｂｏ               ｗｒｉｔｅｓ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｉｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｖｉｅｗ               ｏｆ               Ｊｏｅ               Ｂｏｎｈａｍ,               ａ               ｓｅｖｅｒｅｌｙ               ｗｏｕｎｄｅｄ               ＷＷＩ               ｖｅｔｅｒａｎ               ｗｈｏ               ｌｏｓｔ               ａｌｌ               ｈｉｓ               ｌｉｍｂｓ               ａｎｄ               ｖｉｓｉｏｎ.

Ｋｕｒｔ               Ｖｏｎｎｅｇｕｔ               ｒｅｌｉｖｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｏｍｂｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               Ｄｒｅｓｄｅｎ,               Ｇｅｒｍａｎｙ,               ｗｈｅｒｅ               ｈｅ               ｈａｄ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｈｅｌｄ               ａｓ               ａ               Ｐ.Ｏ.Ｗ.

ｄｕｒｉｎｇ               ＷＷＩＩ,               ｉｎ               ａ               ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ｆｒｏｍ               Ｓｌａｕｇｈｔｅｒｈｏｕｓｅ-Ｆｉｖｅ               (1965).

Ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ               "Ｔｈｅ               Ｍａｎ               Ｉ               Ｋｉｌｌｅｄ"               ｆｒｏｍ               Ｔｈｅ               Ｔｈｉｎｇｓ               Ｔｈｅｙ               Ｃａｒｒｉｅｄ               (1990)               Ｔｉｍ               Ｏ'Ｂｒｉｅｎ               ｃｒｅａｔｅｓ               ａ               ｂｒｉｌｌｉａｎｔｌｙ               ｗｒｉｔｔｅｎ               ｐｉｅｃｅ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ａ               ｓｏｌｄｉｅｒ               ｄｅａｌｉｎｇ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｈｏｃｋ               ｏｆ               ｓｅｅｉｎｇ               ａ               Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍｅｓｅ               ｓｏｌｄｉｅｒ               ｈｅ               ｓｈｏｔ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｈｅａｄ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔａｒ-ｓｈａｐｅｄ               ｈｏｌｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｈｉｓ               ｂｕｌｌｅｔ               ｃｒｅａｔｅｄ.
               Ｐｏｅｔｓ               ａｎｄ               ｓｏｎｇｗｒｉｔｅｒｓ               ａｌｓｏ               ｕｓｅｄ               ａｒｔ               ｔｏ               ｇｅｔ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｍｅｓｓａｇｅ               ａｃｒｏｓｓ.

ｅ.ｅ.ｃｕｍｍｉｎｇｓ,               ｗｈｏ               ｓｅｒｖｅｄ               ｉｎ               ａｎ               ａｍｂｕｌａｎｃｅ               ｇｒｏｕｐ               ｉｎ               Ｆｒａｎｃｅ               ｄｕｒｉｎｇ               ＷＷＩ,               ｗｒｏｔｅ               Ｉ               ｓｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               Ｏｌａｆ               ｇｌａｄ               ａｎｄ               ｂｉｇ               (1931)               ａｂｏｕｔ               ａ               ｃｏｎｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｏｕｓ               ｏｂｊｅｃｔｏｒ.

Ｌａｎｇｓｔｏｎ               Ｈｕｇｈｅｓ               ｈａｓ               ｔｗｏ               ｐｏｅｍｓ               ｆｒｏｍ               Ｍｏｎｔａｇｅ               ｏｆ               ａ               Ｄｒｅａｍ               Ｄｅｆｅｒｒｅｄ               (1951)               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｒａｃｉｓｍ               ｂｌａｃｋｓ               ｆｏｕｎｄ               ｕｐｏｎ               ｒｅｔｕｒｎｉｎｇ               ｆｒｏｍ               ＷＷＩＩ.

Ｍａｒｉａ               Ｈｅｒｒｅｒａ-Ｓｏｂｅｋ               ｗｒｉｔｅｓ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｈｉｃａｎｏ               ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅ               ｉｎ               Ｖｉｅｔｎａｍ.

Ｂｉｌｌｉｅ               Ｈｏｌｉｄａｙ'ｓ               "Ｓｔｒａｎｇｅ               Ｆｒｕｉｔ"               (1937)               ｉｓ               ａ               ｈａｕｎｔｉｎｇ               ｔａｌｅ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｌｙｎｃｈｉｎｇ.

Ｂｏｂ               Ｄｙｌａｎ               ｒａｇｅｓ               ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃｉａｎｓ               ａｎｄ               ｅｌｉｔｅｓ               "ｔｈａｔ               ｎｅｖｅｒ               ｄｏｎｅ               ｎｏｔｈｉｎ'/Ｂｕｔ               ｂｕｉｌｄ               ｔｏ               ｄｅｓｔｒｏｙ"               ｉｎ               "Ｍａｓｔｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               Ｗａｒ"               (1963).

Ｗｏｏｄｙ               Ｇｕｔｈｒｉｅ'ｓ               "Ｔｈｉｓ               Ｌａｎｄ               Ｉｓ               Ｙｏｕｒ               Ｌａｎｄ"               (1940)               ａｐｐｅａｒｓ               ａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｍａｙ               ｎｏｔ               ｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｚｅ               ｉｔｓ               ｌｙｒｉｃｓ               ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｏｕｒｔｈ               ａｎｄ               ｓｉｘｔｈ               ｓｔａｎｚａｓ               ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎ               ｗｈｅｔｈｅｒ               "ｔｈｉｓ               ｌａｎｄ               ｗａｓ               ｍａｄｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｙｏｕ               ａｎｄ               ｍｅ."
               Ｖｏｉｃｅｓ               ｏｆ…               ｉｓ               ａｎ               ｉｎｖａｌｕａｂｌｅ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｏｓｅ               ｗｉｔｈ               ａｎ               ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔ               ｉｎ               ｈｉｓｔｏｒｙ.

Ｉｔ               ｃｏｍｂｉｎｅｓ               ｆａｍｏｕｓ               ｗｏｒｋｓ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｉｋｅｓ               ｏｆ               Ｔｈｏｍａｓ               Ｐａｉｎｅ,               Ｈｅｎｒｙ               Ｄａｖｉｄ               Ｔｈｏｒｅａｕ,               Ｕｐｔｏｎ               Ｓｉｎｃｌａｉｒ               ａｎｄ               Ｊｏｈｎ               Ｓｔｅｉｎｂｅｃｋ               ａｌｏｎｇｓｉｄｅ               ｌｅｓｓｅｒ               ｋｎｏｗｎ               ｙｅｔ               ｎｏ               ｌｅｓｓ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ｗｈｏ               ｃｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｉａｌｏｇｕｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｎａｔｉｏｎ.

Ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｍａｒｖｅｌｏｕｓ               ｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｓｈｏｕｌｄ               ａｌｗａｙｓ               ｂｅ               ｋｅｐｔ               ｏｎ               ａ               ｓｈｅｌｆ               ｃｌｏｓｅ               ｂｙ               ａｓ               ａ               ｒｅｍｉｎｄｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｈａｒｄ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｓ               ｎｅｅｄｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｋｅｅｐ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ               ｏｎ               ａ               ｊｕｓｔ               ｃｏｕｒｓｅ.

Ａ               ｓｅｎｔｉｍｅｎｔ               ｅｃｈｏｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｏｏｋ'ｓ               ｆｉｎａｌ               ｐｉｅｃｅ,               Ｐａｔｔｉ               Ｓｍｉｔｈ'ｓ               "Ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               Ｈａｖｅ               ｔｈｅ               Ｐｏｗｅｒ"(1988).
               Ｔｈｅ               ｍａｊｏｒｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｖｏｉｃｅｓ               ａｒｅ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｅｆｔ               ｓｉｄｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｌｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｓｐｅｃｔｒｕｍ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｉｍｍｅｄｉａｔｅｌｙ               ｃａｕｓｅ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｔｏ               ｎｏｔ               ｌｉｓｔｅｎ,               ｂｕｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｂｅ               ａ               ｍｉｓｔａｋｅ.

Ｔｈｉｓ               ｂｏｏｋ               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｓ               ａ               ｇｒｅａｔ               ｏｐｐｏｒｔｕｎｉｔｙ               ｔｏ               ｒｅａｄ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ'ｓ               ａｃｔｕａｌ               ｗｏｒｄｓ               ａｎｄ               ｏｐｉｎｉｏｎｓ               ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅｍ               ｂｅｉｎｇ               ｔｗｉｓｔｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｓｐｕｎ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ｓｏｍｅｏｎｅ               ｅｌｓｅ'ｓ               ｐｏｉｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｖｉｅｗ.

Ｙｏｕ               ｍｉｇｈｔ               ｎｏｔ               ａｇｒｅｅ               ｗｉｔｈ               ａｌｌ               ｔｈｅ               ｖｉｅｗｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｂｏｏｋ               ｃｏｎｔａｉｎｓ,               Ｉ               ｋｎｏｗ               Ｉ               ｄｉｄｎ'ｔ,               ｂｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｄｅａｌｓ               ｂｅｈｉｎｄ               ｔｈｅｍ               ａｒｅ               ｖｉｔａｌ               ｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｓｈａｐｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｉｏｎｓ,               ａｒｇｕｍｅｎｔｓ               ａｎｄ               ｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ               ｈａｓ               ｍａｄｅ.

Ａ               ｂｅｔｔｅｒ               ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｍ               ｃａｎ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｂｅ               ｂｅｎｅｆｉｃｉａｌ               ｔｏ               ｅｖｅｒｙｏｎｅ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｌｄ.

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